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1994-11-11
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Wednesday, 21 September 1994 2:09:49 PM CN CyberCulture Item From:
Michael Ney Subject: Publishing on WWW To: CN CyberCulture
Attachments: Guide-to-Australia.gif 16K Network
Publishing and the World Wide Web
by David G. Green, Supercomputer Facility, Australian National University
Email: david.green@anu.edu.au
Note: The attached file is a GIF of Figure 4 referenced inside the essay.
An information explosion is underway on computer networks around the globe.
Stimulated by powerful new protocols, especially the World Wide Web (WWW), the
volume and variety of on-line information is growing at an exponential rate. The
first group to feel the effects of the information explosion are academics,
especially scientists.
In just a few months WWW has already begun an upheaval in traditional scientific
institutions, such as journals. It has been exciting to watch this revolution as
it unfolds and, as manager of an active Web site, to play a part in this historic
process. Here I draw on my experiences as a site manager to describe the Web and
some of its implications.
The Web The World Wide Web (WWW) originated at CERN in Switzerland. The
underlying HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) deals chiefly with hypertext
documents, but also handles multimedia information (hence the term "hypermedia").
Web documents are formatted using the "Hypertext Markup Language" (HTML), which
has roots in NROFF/TROFF and is an application of the Standard Generalized Markup
Language (SGML). Hypertext links appear as highlighted terms or images that are
embedded directly within the text.
The Web really took off early in 1993 when the US National Centre for
Supercomputer Applications (NCSA) released a browser ("Mosaic") that demonstrated
the protocol's full potential. This program (now available for most computing
platforms) sparked an amazing 334,000% growth in Web activity during 1993.
Perhaps the most telling features of Mosaic are that it makes true "electronic
publishing" possible and that it permits the seamless integration of material
from many different sites (including a user's own local data). WWW browsers
(notably Mosaic) are now available for most of the commonly used computing
platforms. Tools for WYSIWYG editing of HTML documents are also appearing. (See
Figure 1 - Title page for the first issue of the hypermedia journal Complexity
International, published on the author's Web server.)
Development of HTTP servers has parallelled the above advances in Web client
software. For example, NCSA's client/server software now includes:
a forms interface that allows users to interact with documents that are displayed
as forms (including buttons, menus, dialog boxes) and that pass complex queries
back to the server. a map interface that allows users to query a map
interactively. For instance to query my index of Australian web sites, users
point and click on a map to obtain lists of servers based in each city. (See
Figure 2 - The World Wide Web's "Virtual Tourist" page. This interactive map
provides point-and-click information about many parts of the globe. It is the
collaborative product of hundreds of site managers around the world.) an
authorization feature that provides various types of security, such as
restricting access to particular information or requesting passwords. an SQL(
structured query language) gateway that allows servers to pass queries to
databases. Such gateways are already implemented for many databases (e.g.
Australian plants, DNA sequences). an access log that allows managers to monitor
patterns of usage.
An Australian bioinformatics server As a GIS manager for the Australian
government I experienced first hand the enormous human problems that plague the
development of proprietary databases. I also became aware of a "serendipity
effect" whereby combining different datasets inevitably leads to new and
unexpected discoveries. On returning to university research I was therefore
impressed by the success of public domain databases in molecular biology (e.g.
Genbank, EMBL). Operating on the Internet, these bioinformatics projects not only
promote collaboration on a truly vast scale, but also enrich research by making
entirely new kinds of studies possible. I therefore began exploring methods of
compiling and delivering scientific information via the Internet with the aim of
creating a network platform for collaborative projects.
In October 1992 I opened an experimental "bioinformatics" network server from the
Australian National University's Research School of Biological Sciences. The
Sparc 2 server (life.anu.edu.au) initially provided access via the FTP and Gopher
protocols. A listserver and World Wide Web server (URL="http://life.anu.edu.au/")
following soon after.
Annoyed by the barrenness of most Web and Gopher servers at the time (which
usually just held promotional material), I was determined to provide real
scientific information. I began by collating links to the most useful sources of
information I could find and began hounding colleagues to provide preprints, data
and software. Organizing this material under a number of themes (e.g.
biodiversity, complex systems, molecular biology, weather) I created a "virtual
library" that soon attracted a large following. By the end of 1993 "life" was
delivering over 5000 files daily to users all over the world (less than 20% of
users are within Australia). (See Figure 3 - Home page for the Author's WWW
server as viewed by NCSA Mosaic.)
The most satisfying achievement is that the example provided by my server
convinced colleagues in other institutions (e.g. the Australian National Botanic
Gardens, Environmental Resources information Network, Tasmanian Parks and
Wildlife Service) to set up their own servers and as they in turn have convinced
others (e.g. Bureau of Meteorology). As a result of contributions by all of these
groups, Australia now has the most comprehensive on-line environmental
information services in the world.
SINS of the Internet Having opened a server ahead of the "rush", it has been easy
to chalk up a long string of "firsts": Australia's first registered Web server,
Australia's first on-line environmental information service, world's first Web
pages on medicine, molecular biology, biodiversity, and so on. The sense of
exploring new territory is strong and I have been acutely aware of developing
trends and possibilities.
Network publishing is the most obvious activity made possible by the Web. The
Web's ability to "deliver" published material to its intended audience is
startling - my most widely read publication is a conference paper that I placed
on-line as an experiment! A growing number of hypertext books are now appearing
on-line. Meanwhile some foresighted publishers are beginning to combine "free"
information services with on-line marketing. On-line preprint services have been
around for several years, especially in Physics. Now, however, the journals
themselves are starting to go on-line too. Late in 1993 Terry Bossomaier and I
opened a hypermedia journal (Complexity International). Despite the many
publishing features of the Web this exercise posed formidable technical
challenges, such as how to present equations.
The Web also makes possible entirely new kinds of publication. For instance, by
organizing pointers to many different servers Jim Croft and I created the Guide
to Australia. This contains information as diverse as the Australian
constitution, current weather and lamington recipes. Independently many other
countries have created similar compilations, which now collectively provide an
embryonic encyclopaedia of the world. (See Figure 4 - Part of the home page for
the Author's "Guide to Australia", a distributed "interpedia" of information
about Australia.)
Perhaps the most significant trend is that the Web is beginning to change the way
in which we do research, teaching and many other information based activities. An
important new paradigm that I see emerging is what I call SINS ("Special Interest
Networks"). These are collaborating sets of "nodes" on the network that pool
their resources to provide a comprehensive range of information services
(including communication, publication and "virtual libraries") about a particular
topic. SINS extend the activity of bulletin boards and newsgroups into more
formal areas of information exchange. Some SINS, such as the European Molecular
Biology Network (EMBNet), have emerged spontaneously. I have been actively
developing and promoting the idea through various projects, such as FireNet and
the Biodiversity Information Network (BIN21).
It will be several years before new institutions, such as SINS, become the norm.
But already it is clear that if we can regard the 19th Century as the era of
learned societies and the 20th Century as the era of paper journals, then the
21st Century will surely be the era of the "knowledge web". The long-term effects
of the Web (and its possible descendants) on society are hard to predict. All we
can say with confidence is that the social and cultural impact is likely to be
enormous - at least as far-reaching as the introduction of television. But unlike
TV, users can be active, not passive.
We can only hope that the move from being passive spectators in the "global
village" to active participants will benefit society. In conclusion, the Web
provides an ideal mechanism to enhance collaboration within Australia and to
promote Australia overseas. To open a Web server of your own does not require a
large organization to run a server; many of the best sites have started with one
or two dedicated individuals. The opportunities to do something new and useful,
to make an impact, to add value to your work, are only limited by the
imagination. (See Figure 5 - The Global Network Navigator, from O'Reilly
publishers, combines useful free information, such as "virtual libraries", with
commercial enterprise!)
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